Use the surrounding ideas to test a word’s meaning. For a pronoun, identify the noun that makes sense in the whole sentence. This set contains 12 original Paragraph Comprehension exercises.
Substitute a possible meaning and check it against the passage.
Connect a pronoun to the correct earlier noun.
A method you can repeat
Read the sentence before and after the unfamiliar word.
Use a contrast, example, or result as a clue to the intended meaning.
Substitute your answer, then check both the idea and the grammar.
Worked example: follow the evidence
Read: The plastic sleeves split after several uses, but the metal holders proved resilient. They kept their shape despite daily handling.
In this passage, resilient most nearly means what?
Supported answer: Able to withstand repeated use.
Why it fits: The contrast with sleeves that split, followed by “kept their shape,” points to durability. In the second sentence, “They” refers to the metal holders.
Tempting wrong answer: Easy to bend into a new shape.
Why it fails: Flexibility may be associated with some uses of resilient, but it does not fit this passage. Here, the holders resisted damage and retained their shape.
Before each answer: Replace the target word with your choice and read the sentence aloud in your head.
Meaning and reference questions and explanations
Work through one question at a time. Explain your approach, check the worked answer, then move on. Use scratch paper for calculations.
0 of 12 checked · 0 correct.
Progress is saved in this browser. These original study questions do not produce an official AFQT score.
Question 1: Meaning and reference
Question 1 · Meaning and reference · medium
“You said you would give me the first chapter before sending it to the printer,” Leda reminded her brother. He lifted a parcel from the desk. “The pages are ready, but I promised the messenger she could leave at noon.” Leda glanced at the clock and then back at him. “Your promise to me came first. I expect you to keep it.” He put the parcel down and drew out a chair for her. The messenger, who was still taking off her coat, agreed to wait while Leda read.
What does “it” refer to in Leda’s statement “I expect you to keep it”?
Worked answer and explanation
Answer: C. Her brother’s promise to let her read the chapter before it goes to the printer.
Leda identifies the promise to her immediately before using it, and her brother responds by giving her an opportunity to read. Keep it follows Leda’s reference to a promise; she is asking him to honor an agreement, not retain a package. Leda distinguishes the earlier promise to her from the later one to the messenger. The chair is introduced after the statement and is not the agreement she expects him to honor.
Question 2: Meaning and reference
Question 2 · Meaning and reference · easy
At the planning table, Jori proposed keeping the final scene quiet. Two actors suggested adding music, and the director asked whether a song might make the ending clearer. Jori listened, then pointed to the lines immediately before the silence and explained why another sound would weaken them. She was still seated in the same chair when the director agreed to try her version. Later, an actor said that Jori had held her ground without raising her voice.
What does “held her ground” mean in the passage?
Worked answer and explanation
Answer: A. Maintained and defended her position in the discussion.
Jori listens to competing suggestions but supports her original choice with an explanation, which fits maintaining a position in a discussion. The disagreement concerns the scene’s sound, not possession or movement of the chair. The passage expressly says that she listened before explaining her view. She argues for one choice about the final scene; no transfer of general direction is described.
Question 3: Meaning and reference
Question 3 · Meaning and reference · easy
Near the end of the piece, the pianist returns to the quiet passage heard just after the opening. The notes are familiar, but their return follows several louder sections, so I hear them differently this time. The final phrase slows and leaves the last chord suspended for a moment before it fades. In my concert notes, I marked the returning passage with a bracket so I could compare its two appearances when I listened again.
What does “passage” mean in this context?
Worked answer and explanation
Answer: A. A section of the musical piece.
References to familiar notes, louder sections and a repeated appearance within the piece identify passage as a musical section. The passage is described through notes and repeated musical appearances, not physical movement. No permission or audience departure is involved in the returning notes. The comparison concerns two appearances within one piece.
Question 4: Meaning and reference
Question 4 · Meaning and reference · medium
The passengers waited beside the steps while the porters brought the labeled trunks from the cart. Each porter had been assigned a group of cabin numbers and told to carry the corresponding luggage aboard. A clerk checked the labels against the passenger list, then waved the first porter toward the gangway. They would make several trips before every trunk reached its assigned cabin. Meanwhile, the passengers remained below until the clerk called their names, and the driver stayed with the emptying cart.
Who does “They” refer to in the sentence about making several trips?
Worked answer and explanation
Answer: A. The porters carrying the trunks aboard.
The cabin assignments, luggage-carrying task, and first porter’s departure establish the porters as the group making repeated trips. The passengers remain below, while the assigned task of delivering trunks belongs to the porters. The clerk checks labels and the driver stays with the cart; neither is assigned the repeated deliveries. The trunks are the things delivered on the trips, not the people assigned to make the deliveries.
Question 5: Meaning and reference
Question 5 · Meaning and reference · medium
In the opening paragraph, the essay describes the dry hillside where the walkers began. Next it follows them to a crowded roadside inn. The discussion then turns from those places to the claim that every delayed traveler had arrived late because of the weather. The writer lists two delays caused instead by broken cart wheels. “Here the general claim begins to fail,” she writes, before considering what a narrower explanation could include. No new stopping place is introduced at that point in the essay.
What does “Here” refer to in the quoted sentence?
Worked answer and explanation
Answer: D. The point in the reasoning where contrary examples challenge the general claim.
The sentence follows counterexamples to a general explanation, making here a reference to a stage of the argument rather than a place on the journey. The quoted sentence occurs after the discussion has moved from locations to testing an explanation. The inn is introduced earlier, and the passage explicitly says there is no new stopping place at that point. The writer lists wheel failures as counterexamples but does not identify a wheel’s physical position.
Question 6: Meaning and reference
Question 6 · Meaning and reference · medium
Beside the completed portrait, the painter pinned a small charcoal study of the sitter’s shoulders. It contained none of the room’s furniture and only a few marks for the face. The painter had made it early in the project to try the tilt of the shoulders before committing that arrangement to the larger canvas. Visitors could compare the experimental lines on the small sheet with the settled position in the painting. Several other preliminary sheets remained in a folder beneath the easel.
What does “study” mean as used in this passage?
Worked answer and explanation
Answer: B. A preparatory artwork used to explore part of a larger composition.
The charcoal medium, small sheet, experimental shoulder position and early place in the project identify a preparatory artwork. The study is a small charcoal sheet pinned beside a portrait, not a room. The passage describes a physical drawing made during a painting project, not a course of instruction. The described object contains exploratory drawn lines rather than a reading activity.
Question 7: Meaning and reference
Question 7 · Meaning and reference · easy
From the dark wing, Neri watched the actor reach the window. The stage manager raised one finger and held it until the actor finished speaking. When the finger dropped, Neri rang the small bell beside her chair. That movement was her cue. She had been told to wait for it rather than count the seconds, because the pause before the bell could vary from one performance to the next.
What does “cue” mean in this passage?
Worked answer and explanation
Answer: C. A signal telling someone when to perform an action.
Neri waits for the falling finger and then rings the bell, making the movement a signal for her assigned action. The relevant object is a stage manager’s signaling gesture, not a game implement. Neri is waiting for a movement rather than standing in an ordered line of people. The movement tells Neri when to ring; it does not assess the performance.
Question 8: Meaning and reference
Question 8 · Meaning and reference · easy
At the first pool, I watched a small bird feed for less than a minute and then stand motionless for several minutes. When it finally moved, it fed briefly before becoming still again. At a second pool later that morning, another bird showed the same pattern. I recorded the times beside my sketches. The second bird had darker markings, but my note about the pattern concerned what the birds did rather than how they looked.
What does “the same pattern” refer to?
Worked answer and explanation
Answer: D. Brief periods of feeding separated by longer periods of stillness.
The first observation establishes a short-feed, long-stillness sequence, which the second observation repeats. The birds have different markings, and the passage explicitly distinguishes behavior from appearance. The observed feeding is interrupted by several-minute periods of stillness. The repeated sequence describes the birds’ actions rather than the observer’s walking route.
Question 9: Meaning and reference
Question 9 · Meaning and reference · hard
A shelf held three numbered books of a harbor history and a separate atlas. The first book ended its account in 1830; the second continued the account through 1880. The third contained the index and lists of names rather than a further narrative. Its red binding matched the first book, while the second book and the atlas both had blue bindings. A request slip asked for the numbered book that continued the events described in the opening book. After checking the contents rather than the covers, the assistant placed one book on the reading desk. Her note read, “This volume is the one requested; the atlas remains on the shelf.”
In the assistant’s note, what does “this volume” refer to?
Worked answer and explanation
Answer: C. The second bound book of the harbor history.
Volume means a bound book here. The request requires the numbered book that continues the opening account, which identifies the second book despite its cover color matching the atlas. The first book supplies the opening account rather than continuing it. The third book contains reference lists and the index, not a continuation of the events. The request specifies a numbered history book, and the note explicitly leaves the atlas on the shelf.
Question 10: Meaning and reference
Question 10 · Meaning and reference · easy
The landscape uses a muted palette: gray greens, soft browns, and pale blue spread across the winter fields. Even the red roof has been mixed down to a dull rose. The colors remain visible and distinct, but none is bright enough to dominate the whole scene. A small yellow window therefore draws the eye without needing a heavy outline. The reviewer describes the painting as quiet, although the canvas of course produces no sound.
What does “muted” mean as used in the passage?
Worked answer and explanation
Answer: D. Subdued in color intensity.
The soft, pale and dulled colors establish a subdued palette. The word does not literally refer to silencing the canvas. The colors are visible rather than covered. The word describes the palette, not a person or sound-producing device. The palette includes several distinct colors; muted describes their intensity rather than their number.
Question 11: Meaning and reference
Question 11 · Meaning and reference · easy
“Please come before the last ferry,” Mira wrote. She had already explained the times and offered the spare room, but the final paragraph was an appeal to her brother: she wanted him beside her when they opened their father’s old music box. There was no dispute for an official to decide and no order he had to obey. The letter ended with a personal hope that he would choose to make the journey.
What does “appeal” mean in this passage?
Worked answer and explanation
Answer: B. An earnest personal request.
The request to come and the closing personal hope establish the earnest-request sense of appeal. The passage expressly excludes a dispute for an official to decide. The brother is free to choose whether to make the journey. Mira asks her brother to come and expresses a hope for his participation.
Question 12: Meaning and reference
Question 12 · Meaning and reference · medium
From the hill, the houses looked almost still beneath the evening sky. A fine thread of smoke rose from one chimney, so narrow that it disappeared against a pale cloud and became visible again against the darker trees. The narrator followed that thread to locate the house where someone had lit a fire. Nothing in the description evaluates the quality of the smoke or the skill of the person tending the fire.
What does “fine” mean in the description of the smoke?
Worked answer and explanation
Answer: A. Very thin.
The narrow thread that nearly disappears against the cloud gives fine its thinness sense. The passage expressly does not judge the smoke’s quality; it describes the thread’s narrowness. No proposed solution is being approved. The word modifies smoke and has no connection to a payment or penalty.
After this set: choose one missed answer and name the exact mistake: an added assumption, a lost condition, a detail mistaken for the main idea, or another mismatch with the text. Explain the correction in your own words before trying the next set.